Machine Structure

Chapter 1:

• General Introduction

Chapter 2: Number Systems

• Definition
• Overview of decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems
• Conversion between decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal systems
• Basic operations in the binary system:
  • Addition
  • Subtraction
  • Multiplication
  • Division

Chapter 3: Information Representation

• Binary Coding:
  • Pure binary coding
  • Reflected binary code (Gray code)
  • Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
  • Excess-3 code
• Character Representation:
  • EBCDIC Code
  • ASCII Code
  • UTF Code
• Number Representation:
  1. Integers:
     • Unsigned representation
     • Signed magnitude representation
     • 1's Complement
     • 2's Complement
  2. Real Numbers:
     • Fixed-point representation
     • Floating-point representation (IEEE 754 standard)

Chapter 4: Boolean Algebra

• Definition and axioms of Boolean algebra
• Theorems and properties of Boolean algebra
• Basic operators:
  • AND, OR, NOT
  • Schematic representation
• Other logical operators:
  • NAND and NOR gates
  • XOR (exclusive OR)
  • Implication, with schematic representation
• Truth tables
• Logical expressions and functions
• Algebraic representation of a function in canonical forms (First Normal Form and Second Normal Form)
• Expression of a logical function using only NAND or NOR gates
• Logical circuit diagrams of functions
• Simplification of logical functions:
  • Algebraic method
  • Karnaugh maps
  • Quine-McCluskey method