اللغة اامنجليزية

Text analysis :

What is Realist Thinking?

Realism emerged in the interwar period and was initially embodied in the thinking of Edward H. Carr, who held the chair in international relations at the University of Aberystwyth, where the discipline had first been academically recognized. Carr contended that political analysis had to separate itself from law and morality.

Realism is the product of history. It was the theory that emerged dominant from the Allied victory and it arose out of culturally and historically situated thinking both in Europe and America. Carr’s position was developed, in fact, against the background of the dark history of the European continent. Moreover, a number of the thinkers who pioneered an amoral, deterministic approach within the subject were German. Realism subsequently transplanted itself to the United States after World War II.

There were also sociological reasons for its success in America. During or after World War II, many specialists in what was to become the political sciences left Germany and took refuge in the United States. Like Hans Morgenthau, the political scientist who is rightly regarded as the founder of realism in the United States, several of them were Jewish. First published in 1948, Morgenthau’s work Politics Among Nations remains to this day a major reference for this school.

The life of Henry Kissinger, who was professor of international relations at Harvard before becoming a statesman, followed the same course as Morgenthau’s. In the late 1930s his family migrated to the United States, where the young Kissinger soon found success. Without doubt, the wartime experiences of these two crucial figures greatly influenced the American interpretation of international affairs.

Questions:

1/ Text comprehension:

1/ what does it mean by where the discipline had first been academically recognized according to the first paragraph?

2/ Explain the idea that Realism is the product of history according to the second paragraph?

3/ what are the main assumptions of realism according to Hans Morgenthau ?

4/Find in the text words or expressions synonymous to:

Science..........§1 /outcome =.........§2 / scholar =..........§3

5/Find in the text words or expressions opposite in meaning to:

Defeat ≠ .........§2 /fallouts ≠........§3 / never ≠............§4

6/ Morgenthau’s work Politics Among Nations remains to this day a major reference for this school. Can you replace Among by between?

2/ Mastery of Language:

· Turn this sentence into passive voice:

· the wartime experiences of these two crucial figures greatly influenced the American interpretation of international affairs.

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· Turn this sentence into active voice:

Realism was initially criticized by early liberals in 1960s.

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· Fill in the gaps:

3/ Translation:

A/ translate from English into Arabic:

Power has been ubiquitous in the discipline of International Relations since its early days, when realism used it threefold to define the very nature of international politics (“power politics”), the main factor for explaining behaviour (in terms of the “national interest”), and the outcomes of interactions. The notion of power politics provided a demarcation criterion for the study of politics as opposed to law, and for

the study of international as opposed to domestic politics. It did so by characterizing a qualitatively different nature of politics at the international level which is due to the absence of a world government, a state called “anarchy”.

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Good luck/

  your Teacher. I/Benammar