إنجليزية

Read the text, then answer the questions that follow :

Islamic civilization, emerging in the 7th century, profoundly influenced the world through its achievements in science, art, and culture. Rooted in Islamic teachings, it spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia, creating a vibrant and diverse society.

One of its greatest contributions was in science and knowledge. Scholars like Al-Khwarizmi, the father of algebra, and Ibn Sina, whose medical texts were used in Europe for centuries, advanced human understanding. The House of Wisdom in Baghdad became a center for translating and preserving ancient Greek, Roman, and Indian works.

Islamic architecture, seen in landmarks like the Great Mosque of Cordoba and the Dome of the Rock, showcased intricate designs and engineering brilliance. Calligraphy and geometric patterns became defining features of Islamic art.

The civilization also promoted trade and cultural exchange. Cities like Baghdad thrived as hubs of commerce and learning, while Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) became a model of coexistence among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

Though it declined over time, Islamic civilization’s legacy endures. Its contributions to mathematics, medicine, architecture, and culture continue to shape the modern world, reminding us of the power of knowledge and unity.

 

Ø Provide a suitable title for the essay.

Ø List the key words or phrases that are central to the essay.

Ø Summarize the main idea or theme of the essay in one or two sentences.

Ø Break the essay into sections and briefly explain what each section is about.

Ø Translate the entire essay into Arabic.

Ø Identify the sentence that introduces the main idea of the essay.