اللغة الأجنبية س03 ت ع

Text:

Climate action by cities, states, and regions is a central element of global and national responses to climate change. Research on broader sustainability at the local level has identified the need to acquire diversified financial, technical, administrative, and collaborative capacities and competencies public administrations. Climate action at the local level has received more relative attention in the urban context but is still scarce and this have some serious implications, for instance, regarding adaptation strategies. Adaptation capacity is particularly challenging at local levels of government. In that sense, currently, many countries have made progress in devolving responsibilities related to climate adaptation and resilience-building to subnational governments through the adoption of climate change, which typically mirrors the whole process of decentralization – such as the one that occurred with health and education during the 90s in Latin America. Latin America faces the challenge of addressing climate change being the one of most affected regions with low organizational capacities at the local level of the state.

There is an important development of literature on the subnational government of climate change from the governance perspective. Evidence shows that decentralization of climate action, particularly adaptation-related remains limited because of gaps in technical knowledge and organizational capacity, data production and dissemination of precise and accurate information, and human and budgeting resources. As stated by Solorio, local climate action is constrained by the administrative, technical, and financial limitations of local public agencies. In Latin America, the climate change adaptation agenda requires subnational responses, but this level of government has little basic organizational capacity. In general, they are very dependent on the resources of the central level of government and cannot manage the necessary responses.

The organizational capacity of the state apparatus depends on the existence of an adequate budget, personnel trained in climate issues on the capacity to carry out strategic planning of resources and objectives to be achieved that are sensitive to the urgency of the climate problem, on the capacity to generate adequate, sensitive, appropriate and up-to-date information on the multiple aspects of climate change among multiple other aspects. The lack of consideration of these organizational capacities at the local level has a double negative implication, one by direct lack of effective implementation of policies and two, by inhibiting their ability to improve their capacity in the future.

1/ Text Comprehension:

A/ What are the main question of climate action according to the first paragraph?

B/ define decentralization based on the first paragraph !

C/…… dissemination of precise and accurate information.

dissemination  means:         1/ spread     2/ reduction       3/ development      * Choose the best equivalent

D/ the urgency of the climate problem, according to the third paragraph, is explained by …………………

Answer with paraphrasing

E/ put the following words in sentences of your own (vocabulary buiding):

2/ Mastery of Language:

A/ Turn into Active voice:

1/ local climate action is constrained by the administrative, technical, and financial limitations of local public agencies.

2/ Mayors were being questioned by the President.

3/ let your funds be exploited in farming !

B/ Turn into Passive voice:

1/ Latin America faces the challenge of addressing climate change.

2/ many countries have made progress in devolving responsibilities related to climate adaptation .

3/ Diversify your economy!

C/ Fill in the gaps with the correct word:

(consensus - central governments – the release – the mitigation – opponents)

Global warming policy, the process by which key decisions regarding ………………… of global warming and its effects on climate change are made or influenced by ……………………….. Leading climate scientists agree that many of the ongoing changes to the global climate system are largely caused by ………………… into the atmosphere of greenhouse gases—that is, gases that enhance Earth’s natural greenhouse effect. Although ……………………. of this view have often stressed the role of natural factors in past climatic variation and have accentuated the scientific uncertainties associated with data on global warming and climate change, a …………………… of scientists has called upon governments, industries, and citizens to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases.

D/ word formation:

E/ say if the following are:            Phrase / Clause / Sentence

3/ Translation:

A/ Translate  into Arabic:

Climate is often defined loosely as the average weather at a particular place, incorporating such features as temperature, precipitation, humidity, and windiness. A more specific definition would state that climate is the mean state and variability of these features over some extended time period. Both definitions acknowledge that the weather is always changing, owing to instabilities in the atmosphere. And as weather varies from day to day, so too does climate vary, from daily day-and-night cycles up to periods of geologic time hundreds of millions of years long.

B/comparison of the two passages (original العربية  and translated الإنجليزية ):

حين تتعفن أكوام من القمامة في أنحاء الشوارع، يُلقي المواطنون باللوم على البلديات لتقصيرها في أداء عملها. تظل شكاواهم وتظلماتهم مفهومة، وإنْ كانت غير مدروسة. فلا غنى عن الجماعات المحلية في تسيير سلسلة إدارة النفايات الصلبة. تكشف الشوارع المليئة بالقمامة عن سوء الإدارة، إذ إنها حرفياً تحول مشكلات إدارة النفايات الصلبة إلى مشاهد من التلوث البصري. يحدد القانون الأساسي للجماعات المحلية (عدد 29 في الجريدة الرسمية للجمهورية التونسية، المؤرَّخ 9 ماي 2018) أدوار ومسؤوليات البلديات في إدارة النفايات الصلبة، تحت مظلة أوسع تتصل بالمحافظة على البيئة والنظافة والتنمية المستدامة.

When piles of garbage rot on street corners, citizens blame their municipalities for underperforming. Their grievances are understandable even if ill-informed. Local governments are essential to a smooth functioning SWM chain. Littered streets uncover dysfunctional governance, literally translating problems of SWM into repugnant visual scenes. Local Governments’ Organic Law (Code des Collectivités Locales, JORT law No. 29 of 9 May 2018, henceforth CCL) determines municipalities’ roles and responsibilities in SWM under the broader umbrella of preserving the environment, cleanliness and sustainable development.

. Your Teacher/ I. Benammar