Research Methodology ...

A statement proposing that there is a significant relationship or difference between variables, which the research aims to support.

The principle that one variable (cause) directly influences another (effect), often tested through hypotheses in experimental designs.

The variable in a hypothesis that is affected or influenced by the independent variable; the outcome being measured.

A hypothesis specifying the expected direction of the relationship or difference between variables (e.g., increase or decrease).

A testable, predictive statement about the relationship between variables, used in quantitative research to guide investigation.

The variable in a hypothesis that influences or causes a change in the dependent variable; the factor manipulated or controlled.

A hypothesis stating that a relationship or difference exists between variables without specifying the direction.

A statement proposing no significant relationship or difference between variables, which the research aims to reject.

A clear, measurable description of how variables in a hypothesis will be observed or quantified.

A statistical measure indicating the probability of obtaining results as extreme as those observed, used to test hypotheses (typically p < 0.05 for significance).