General
Translation is one of the oldest intellectual activities in human civilization. Since ancient times, people have translated texts to communicate ideas, transfer knowledge, and connect different cultures. However, translation is not only a practical activity; it has also raised many theoretical questions. Scholars, philosophers, and linguists have long debated how translation should be done, what makes a good translation, and whether it is possible to fully reproduce the meaning of a text from one language into another.
The history of translation theories reflects these debates and the evolution of thinking about language and meaning. From the early reflections of classical authors such as **Cicero** and **Jerome**, who discussed the difference between translating “word for word” and “sense for sense,” to modern linguistic and cultural approaches developed by scholars like **Eugene Nida** and **Lawrence Venuti**, translation theory has constantly evolved.
Studying the history of translation theories helps us understand how translation practices have changed over time and how different intellectual movements have influenced the way translators approach texts. It also provides useful tools for analyzing translation strategies and for improving the practice of translation today.
In this lecture, we will explore the major stages in the development of translation theories, from ancient reflections to contemporary approaches, highlighting the key ideas and contributions that have shaped the field of translation studies.